Istnieje wiele wskaźników i modeli matematycznych, które są powszechnie akceptowane i wykorzystywane przez niektóre programy transakcyjne (nawet MetaStock), takie jak MAMA, Hilbert Transform, Fisher Transform (jako substytuty FFT), Disclaimer Homodyne, Hilbert Sine Wave, Instant Trendline itd. John Ehler. Ale to jest to. Nigdy nie słyszałam o kimkolwiek innym niż John Ehler studiował w tej dziedzinie. Czy uważasz, że warto uczyć się cyfrowego przetwarzania sygnału? W końcu każda transakcja jest sygnałem, a wykresy słupkowe są w pewnym stopniu filtrowane z tych sygnałów. Czy to ma sens? 15 lutego 11 o 20:46 Wavelety są tylko jedną z form rozkładu bazowego. Wavelety w szczególności rozkładają się zarówno pod względem częstotliwości, jak i czasu, a zatem są bardziej przydatne niż fourier lub inne dekompozycje oparte wyłącznie na częstotliwości. Istnieją również inne rozkłady czasowo-freq (na przykład HHT), które również powinny zostać zbadane. Dekompozycja szeregu cenowego jest przydatna w zrozumieniu podstawowego ruchu w ramach serii. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc przy dekompozycji, pierwotny sygnał jest sumą jego podstawowych składników (potencjalnie z mnożnikiem skalowania). Składniki wahają się od najniższej częstotliwości (linia prosta do próbki) do najwyższej częstotliwości, krzywej, która oscyluje z maksymalną częstotliwością zbliżającą się do N 2. Jak to jest przydatne odciągając serię określającą główny składnik ruchu w określaniu serii czopy Zdezorientowanie uzyskuje się przez ponowne skomponowanie serii przez zsumowanie składników z rozkładu, mniej ostatnich kilku komponentów najwyższej częstotliwości. Ta odroczona (lub przefiltrowana) seria, jeśli jest dobrze wybrana, często daje pogląd na proces cen podstawowych. Zakładając kontynuację w tym samym kierunku, można wykorzystać do eksplozji na krótki okres. W miarę jak czasy tykają w czasie rzeczywistym, można spojrzeć na to, jak zmienia się odroczony (lub filtrujący) proces cenowy, aby ustalić, czy ruch cen w innym kierunku jest znaczący, czy po prostu hałas. Jednym z kluczy jest jednak określenie, ile poziomów dekompozycji należy przeprowadzić w dowolnej sytuacji. Zbyt mało poziomów (low freq) oznacza, że rekomponowana seria cen reaguje bardzo powoli na zdarzenia. Zbyt wiele poziomów (wysoka częstotliwość) będzie oznaczać dla szybkiej reakcji, ale. może za dużo hałasu w niektórych reżimach cenowych. Biorąc pod uwagę, że rynek przesuwa się między ruchami bocznymi i ruchami pędu, proces filtrowania musi dostosować się do reżimu, stając się bardziej lub mniej wrażliwy na ruchy w rzucaniu krzywej. Istnieje wiele sposobów, aby to ocenić, na przykład patrząc na moc filtrowanej serii w porównaniu do potęgi surowej serii cenowej, ukierunkowanej na pewne w zależności od reżimu. Zakładając, że z powodzeniem zastosowano falki lub inne dekompozycje, aby uzyskać gładki, odpowiednio reaktywny sygnał, można pobrać pochodną i użyć do wykrycia minimów i maksimów w miarę postępu serii cen. Potrzebna jest podstawa, która ma dobre zachowanie w punkcie końcowym, aby nachylenie krzywej w punkcie końcowym rzutowało we właściwym kierunku. Podstawa musi zapewniać spójne wyniki w punkcie końcowym, tak jak czas tyka, a nie być stronniczo zorientowana. Niestety, nie znam żadnej podstawy falkowej, która pozwoli uniknąć powyższych problemów. Istnieje kilka innych podstaw, które można wybrać, które są lepsze. Podsumowanie Jeśli chcesz realizować Wavelets i budować wokół nich reguły handlowe, spróbuj przeprowadzić wiele badań. Może się również okazać, że chociaż koncepcja jest dobra, musisz zbadać inne bazy dekompozycji, aby uzyskać pożądane zachowanie. Nie stosuję dekompozycji w decyzjach handlowych, ale uznałem je za użyteczne w określaniu reżimu rynkowego i innych środków skierowanych wstecz. Musisz zbadać, jak odróżnić metody interpolacji od metod ekstrapolacji. Łatwo jest zbudować model, który powtarza przeszłość (prawie każdy schemat interpolacji sprawdzi się). Problem polega na tym, że model ten jest zazwyczaj bezwartościowy, jeśli chodzi o ekstrapolację w przyszłość. Kiedy słyszysz słowo "cykle", czerwona flaga powinna iść w górę. Przekonaj się do zastosowania Fourier Integral, Fourier Series, Fourier Transform, itd., A przekonasz się, że przy wystarczającej liczbie częstotliwości możesz reprezentować dowolne szeregi czasowe na tyle dobrze, że większość sprzedawców detalicznych może być przekonana, że to działa. Problem polega na tym, że nie ma on żadnej mocy prognostycznej. Powodem, dla którego metody Fouriera są użyteczne w engineeringDSP, jest fakt, że ten sygnał (napięcie, prąd, temperatura, cokolwiek) zazwyczaj powtarza się w obwodzie, w którym został wygenerowany. W rezultacie interpolacja staje się związana z ekstrapolacją. W przypadku, gdy używasz R, do napisania jest trochę hakowatego kodu: Analiza cyklu i przetwarzanie sygnału może być użyteczne w przypadku wzorców sezonowych, ale nie wiedząc więcej o wydajności takiego podejścia do handlu, nie rozważałbym stopnia przetwarzania sygnału dla zwykłego handlu. Czy byłbyś zadowolony stosując to, czego nauczyłeś się na standardowym typie inżynierii, ponieważ może to oznaczać, że utkniesz, jeśli nie będzie działać wystarczająco dobrze w handlu. Odpowiedź 15 lutego 11 o 22:10 Analiza DSP i Time Series to to samo. DSP używa języka programowania i analiza szeregów czasowych używa języka matematycznego, ale modele są dość podobne. Wskaźnik cyklu cybernetycznego Ehlers to ARMA (3,2). Ehlers ma kilka unikalnych pomysłów: Jakie znaczenie ma faza zmiennej losowej? Odpowiedzi 26 lutego 11 o 5:04 Zapomnij o tych wszystkich tak zwanych wskaźnikach technicznych. Są bzdura, zwłaszcza jeśli nie wiesz jak z nich korzystać. Moja rada: kup dobrą książkę falkową i stwórz własną strategię. odpowiedziała 16 lutego 11 o 2:52 Cześć, którą książkę z waveletem używasz Czy możesz polecić tytuł ndash MisterH Mar 28 11 o 11:26 Wprowadzenie do falek i innych metod filtrowania w finansach i ekonomii przez Ramazana Gencaya, Faruka Selcuk Brandona Whitcher ndash RockScience Mar 29 11 o 02:15 Ive uznał, że John Ehlers Fisher Transform jest bardzo przydatny jako wskaźnik w transakcjach futures, szczególnie na wykresach tickowych Heikin-Ashi. Opieram się na tej strategii, ale nie sądzę, aby była ona wystarczająco niezawodna, aby samodzielnie opierała się na całym zautomatyzowanym systemie, ponieważ nie sprawdzała się ona niezawodnie w okresach niepewności, ale może być bardzo przydatna w dni trendów, takie jak dzisiaj. (Chętnie opublikuję kartę do zilustrowania, ale nie potrzebuję reputacji). Odp. 22 22 13 at 20: 47 Podstawy przetwarzania danych Dennis Bohn, Rane RaneNote 134 napisane w 1997 r. Ostatnia poprawiona 504 Screaming To Be Heard W kosmosie nikt nie słyszy ty krzyczysz . ponieważ nie ma powietrza ani innego medium, z którego mógłby wydobywać się dźwięk. Dźwięk potrzebuje medium pośredniego, przez które może przemieszczać się od punktu do punktu, musi być przenoszone na czymś. To coś może być stałe, płynne lub gazowe. Mogą usłyszeć twój krzyk pod wodą. krótko. Woda jest medium. Powietrze jest medium. Ściany klubu nocnego są medium. Dźwięk przemieszcza się w powietrzu, gwałtownie zmieniając ciśnienie powietrza w stosunku do jego normalnej wartości (ciśnienie atmosferyczne). Dźwięk jest zakłóceniem otaczającego medium. Wibracje, które rozprzestrzeniają się ze źródła, tworząc serię rozszerzających się pocisków wysokiego ciśnienia i niskiego ciśnienia. wysokie ciśnienie. niskie ciśnienie. wysokie ciśnienie. niskie ciśnienie . Przemieszczając się zawsze na zewnątrz cykle stref przemiennego nacisku poruszają się, aż wreszcie rozpraszają się lub odbijają powierzchnie (ściany klubów nocnych), przekraczają granice lub wchłaniają się - zwykle połączenie wszystkich trzech. Pozostawione bez przeszkód dźwięk rozchodzi się na zewnątrz, ale nie na zawsze. Powietrze (lub inne medium) pozbawia niektóre dźwięki mocy podczas jej przechodzenia. Cena przejścia: medium pochłania swoją energię. Ta utrata mocy jest odczuwalna jako zmniejszenie głośności (pojęcie głośności jest używane do opisania, jak głośno jest z chwili na chwilę), gdy sygnał odchodzi od źródła. Głośność sygnału zmniejsza się o jedną czwartą za każde podwojenie odległości od źródła. Oznacza to, że jest o 6 dB mniej głośny, gdy podwoisz swoją odległość od niego. Jest to tzw. Prawo odwróconego kwadratu, ponieważ spadek jest odwrotnie proporcjonalny do kwadratu pokonanej odległości, na przykład 2 razy odległość równa się 14 zmniejszeniu głośności i tak dalej. Jak tworzymy dźwięk, i jak uchwycić dźwięk Robimy to za pomocą przeciwnych stron tej samej monety elektromagnetycznej. Elektryczność i magnetyzm są kinfolami: jeśli przelecisz cewkę drutu przez pole magnetyczne, w cewce generowana jest energia elektryczna. Odwróć monetę i odwróć ją ponownie: Jeśli przejdziesz prąd przez cewkę z drutu, zostanie wygenerowane pole magnetyczne. Przesuń magnes, uzyskaj napięcie, zastosuj napięcie, utwórz magnes. to jest istotą wszystkich obiektów elektromechanicznych. Mikrofony i głośniki są obiektami elektromechanicznymi. W ich sercach znajduje się cewka z drutu (cewka drgająca) i magnes (magnes). Mówienie powoduje wibracje dźwięku, które wędrują na zewnątrz z twoich ust. Mówienie do ruchomej cewki (także dynamicznej) powoduje, że cewka drgająca porusza się w polu magnetycznym. Powoduje to powstanie napięcia i uchwycenie prądu proporcjonalnego do dźwięku - dźwięku. Na drugim końcu łańcucha napięcie doprowadzane jest do cewki głośnika głośnika, powodując przepływ prądu, który wytwarza pole magnetyczne, które powoduje, że stożek porusza się proporcjonalnie do sygnału dźwiękowego - dźwięk został utworzony. Mikrofon tłumaczy dźwięk na sygnał elektryczny, a głośnik tłumaczy sygnał elektryczny na dźwięk. Jeden chwyt, a drugi tworzy. Wszystko pomiędzy to tylko szczegóły. A na wypadek, gdybyś się zastanawiał: tak, odwrócony, mikrofon może być głośnikiem (który sprawia, że maleńkie dźwięki), a głośnik może być mikrofonem (jeśli NAPRAWDĘ NAGRADZISZ). Crossovers: crossovery Simple Division Loudspeaker to zło konieczne. Inny wszechświat, inny zestaw fizyki i może moglibyśmy mieć to, czego chcemy: jeden głośnik, który to wszystko robi. Jeden głośnik, który odtwarza wszystkie częstotliwości audio równie dobrze, bez zniekształceń, na poziomach głośności odpowiednich dla każdego miejsca, w którym gramy. Cóż, żyjemy tutaj, a nasz system fizyki nie pozwala na taką ekstrawagancję. Ciężka prawda jest taka, że żaden głośnik nie może zrobić wszystkiego. Potrzebujemy co najmniej dwóch - więcej, jeśli możemy sobie na nie pozwolić. Głośniki niskotonowe i tweetery. Duży głośnik niskotonowy dla niskich tonów i mały głośnik wysokotonowy. Jest to znane jako system dwukierunkowy. (Sprawdź dołączone diagramy dla następujących dyskusji.) Ale z dwoma głośnikami, właściwe częstotliwości muszą być poprowadzone (lub skrzyżowane) do każdego głośnika. Na najprostszym poziomie crossover jest siecią pasywną. Sieć pasywna to taka, która nie potrzebuje zasilacza do działania - jeśli ma przewód sieciowy lub pobiera baterie, nie jest to obwód pasywny. Najprostsza sieć pasywnego połączenia zwrotnego składa się tylko z dwóch komponentów: kondensatora połączonego ze sterownikiem wysokiej częstotliwości i cewki indukcyjnej (zwanej też cewką), łączącej się ze sterownikiem o niskiej częstotliwości. Kondensator jest elementem elektronicznym, który przepuszcza wysokie częstotliwości (pasmo przepuszczania) i blokuje niskie częstotliwości (ogranicznik), a cewka działa dokładnie odwrotnie: przechodzi niskie częstotliwości i blokuje wysokie częstotliwości. Ale wraz ze zmianą częstotliwości żaden z elementów nie reaguje nagle. Robią to stopniowo powoli zaczynają przekazywać (lub przestają przechodzić) ich odpowiednie częstotliwości. Szybkość, z jaką się to odbywa, nazywa się nachyleniem crossover. Jest mierzony w dB na oktawę. lub skrócony do dBoctave. Nachylenie zwiększa się lub zmniejsza tak wiele dBoctave. Na najprostszym poziomie każdy komponent daje nachylenie 6 dBoctave (fizyczny fakt naszego wszechświata). Ponownie, na najprostszym poziomie dodanie kolejnych składników zwiększa nachylenie o 6 dB, tworząc zbocza o wartości 12 dBoct, 18 dBoct, 24 dBoct i tak dalej. Liczba składników lub przyrosty nachylenia 6 dB nazywa się porządkiem crossover. Dlatego crossover czwartego rzędu ma (przynajmniej) cztery elementy i wytwarza strome zbocza o wartości 24 dBoctave. Im bardziej stromo, tym lepiej dla większości kierowców, ponieważ głośniki sprawdzają się tylko w niektórych pasmach częstotliwości, które źle się zachowują, czasem źle. Strome zbocza uniemożliwiają dotarcie tych częstotliwości do kierowcy. Można łączyć kondensatory i cewki indukcyjne, aby utworzyć trzecią ścieżkę, która eliminuje najwyższe wartości szczytowe i najniższe wartości najniższe, i tworzy sekcję pośredniej częstotliwości. Jest to naturalnie nazywane systemem 3-drożnym. (Patrz diagram) Sekcja quotidquot tworzy filtr pasmowo-przepustowy, ponieważ przepuszcza tylko określone pasmo częstotliwości. Z wykresu wynika, że zakresy pasma szerokopasmowego o wysokiej częstotliwości i pasma o niskiej częstotliwości są często skracane do jedynie górnoprzepustowych i dolnoprzepustowych. Trójdrożny system pozwala zoptymalizować każdy sterownik pod kątem węższego pasma częstotliwości, zapewniając lepszy ogólny dźwięk. Dlaczego więc nie skorzystać z pasywnych pudełek? Największym pojedynczym problemem jest to, że jedna pasywna szafa (lub para) nie gra wystarczająco głośno i wystarczająco czysto dla dużych przestrzeni. Jeśli system dźwiękowy jest w sypialni lub garażu, systemy pasywne działałyby dobrze - może nawet lepiej. Ale tak nie jest. Gdy spróbujesz wypełnić stosunkowo dużą przestrzeń z równie głośnym dźwiękiem, zaczniesz rozumieć problemy. I nie zajmuje stadionów, tylko kluby o normalnej wielkości. Bardzo trudno jest uzyskać wymaganą głośność w pasywnych skrzynkach. Życie byłoby o wiele łatwiejsze, gdybyś mógł po prostu wsadzić wszystkich do własnego wzmacniacza puszek - jak kilka wzmacniaczy słuchawkowych HC 4 lub HC 6 rozproszonych po całej widowni. Niech wykonają pracę, a następnie wszyscy będą mogli równie dobrze słyszeć i wybrać własny poziom odsłuchu. Ale życie jest trudne, a wzmacniacze słuchawkowe muszą być ograniczone do ćwiczeń i nagrywania. Z drugiej strony, monitor głośników najprawdopodobniej ma bierne przejścia. Znowu jest to kwestia odległości i głośności. Monitory są zwykle blisko i niezbyt głośno - zbyt głośno, a następnie będą podawane z powrotem do mikrofonu lub będą słyszane razem z głównym miksem: niedobrze. Głośniki monitora są podobne do głośników hi-fi, w których dominują projekty pasywne. ze względu na stosunkowo małe obszary odsłuchowe. Łatwo jest wypełniać małe sale odsłuchowe nieskazitelnymi dźwiękami nawet na poziomie dzielenia uszu. Ale przenieś te same głośniki do lokalnego klubu, a one będą brzmiały cienko, matowo i bez życia. Nie tylko nie grają wystarczająco głośno, ale mogą potrzebować dźwiękowych efektów dźwięku odbijającego się od bliskich ścian w celu wzmocnienia i wypełnienia bezpośredniego dźwięku. W dużych obiektach te ściany są zbyt daleko, aby przynieść korzyści każdemu. Rysunek 1. Pasywna dwukierunkowa crossover Rysunek 2. Pasywna 3-drożna crossover Dlaczego więc nie używać garści pasywnych skrzynek Możesz i niektórzy ludzie to robią. Jednak z powodów do naśladowania działa on tylko w kilku szafach. Mimo to, nie będziesz w stanie uzyskać wysokich poziomów głośności, jeśli pomieszczenie jest duże. Systemy pasywne można zoptymalizować tylko tak bardzo. Gdy zaczniesz potrzebować wielu szafek, konieczne będą aktywne przejścia. Aby uzyskać dobry zasięg podobnych częstotliwości, chcesz rozmieścić podobne sterowniki. Zapobiega to używaniu skrzynek pasywnych, ponieważ każdy zawiera (przynajmniej) sterownik wysokiej częstotliwości i sterownik niskiej częstotliwości. Najłatwiej jest zestawić system dźwiękowy, gdy każda obudowa obejmuje tylko jeden zakres częstotliwości. Na przykład, dla ładnie brzmiącego, trójdrożnego systemu, będziesz miał pudła niskiej częstotliwości (te duże), następnie średniej wielkości skrzynki o średniej częstotliwości i wreszcie mniejsze skrzynki o wysokiej częstotliwości. Zostaną one ułożone w stos lub zawieszone, lub oba - w jakiejś tablicy. Tablica głośników jest optymalnym ustawieniem w stos dla każdego zestawu szaf, aby zapewnić najlepszy połączony zasięg i ogólny dźwięk. Bez wątpienia zobaczyłeś wiele różnych kształtów tablicy. Są wysokie wieże, wysokie mury i wszelkiego rodzaju wielościany i łuki. Jedynym skutecznym sposobem na to jest aktywne crossover'y. Niektóre mniejsze systemy łączą aktywne i pasywne skrzynki. Nawet w pojedynczej szafce często można znaleźć aktywną zwrotnicę używaną do rozdzielania sterowników niskiej i średniej częstotliwości, podczas gdy wbudowana sieć pasywna jest używana dla sterownika wysokiej częstotliwości. Jest to szczególnie częste w przypadku super-tweeterów działających w ostatniej oktawie audio. Z drugiej strony aktywna zwrotnica często służy do dodania subwoofera do pasywnego systemu 2-drogowego. Używane są wszystkie kombinacje, ale za każdym razem, gdy pojawia się pasywny crossover, pojawia się problem. Jednym z nich jest utrata mocy. Sieci pasywne marnują cenną moc. Dodatkowa moc potrzebna, aby głośniki były głośniejsze, zamiast tego spuszczają ze sobą komponenty i wychodzą z pudełka jako ciepło - a nie dźwięk. Dlatego jednostki pasywne sprawiają, że kupujesz większy wzmacniacz. Kilka dodatkowych pasywnych problemów związanych z siecią ma związek z ich impedancją. Impedancja ogranicza przenoszenie mocy, podobnie jak oporność, tylko wrażliwość na częstotliwości. Aby pasywna sieć działała dokładnie tak, impedancja źródła (moc wyjściowa wzmacniacza plus impedancja okablowania) musi być jak najbliżej zera i nie może zależeć od częstotliwości, a impedancja obciążenia (charakterystyka głośników) musi być stała i nie zależy od częstotliwości (przepraszam, nie w tym wszechświecie tylko w Star Trek). Ponieważ te rzeczy nie są możliwe, pasywna sieć musi być (w najlepszym przypadku) uproszczonym i skompromitowanym rozwiązaniem bardzo złożonego problemu. W związku z tym zachowanie crossover zmienia się z częstotliwością - nie jest to coś, co chcesz dla dobrego systemu brzmiącego. Jeszcze jedna rzecz, która pogarsza sprawę. Jest coś, co nazywa się back-emf (back-electromotive force - dosłownie back-voltage), co dodatkowo przyczynia się do słabej jakości systemów głośnikowych. Jest to zjawisko, w którym po ustaniu sygnału stożek głośnika nadal się porusza, powodując przemieszczanie się cewki drgającej przez pole magnetyczne (obecnie działające jak mikrofon), tworząc nowe napięcie, które próbuje doprowadzić kabel z powrotem do wyjścia wzmacniacza Jeśli głośnik może to zrobić, stożek obraca się jak umierająca ryba. To nie brzmi dobrze Jedynym sposobem na powstrzymanie zjawiska back-emf jest spowodowanie, że głośnik będzie oznaczał martwą krótką wartość, tzn. Zero omów patrzy wstecz lub jak najbliżej niego - coś, co nie będzie się działo z pasywną siecią przerzuconą między nimi i wzmacniacz mocy. Wszystko to, i nie wspominając o tym, że induktory nasycają się przy wysokich poziomach sygnału powodując zniekształcenia - kolejny powód, dla którego nie można uzyskać wystarczającej głośności. Lub dodatkowa waga i objętość spowodowane przez duże cewki wymagane do dobrej odpowiedzi niskiej częstotliwości. Lub, że pasywne zbocza są prawie niemożliwe, więc cierpi na to reakcja. Albo że induktory są o wiele za dobre w odbieraniu lokalnych programów radiowych, telewizyjnych, alarmowych i komórkowych, i radośnie mieszają je z dźwiękiem. Takie jest życie z pasywnymi systemami głośnikowymi. Rysunek 3. Aktywna zwrotnica 2-drożna Rysunek 4. Aktywna zwrotnica 3-drożna Aktywne sieci zwrotnic wymagają zasilacza do zasilania i zazwyczaj są pakowane w jednoprzestrzenne, montowane w szafie urządzenia. (Chociaż późne, zasilane głośniki z wbudowanymi aktywnymi zwrotnicami i wzmacniaczami mocy stają się coraz bardziej popularne.) Patrząc na załączony diagram pokazuje, jak aktywne crossovery różnią się od pasywnych kuzynów. W systemie 2-drogowym zamiast jednego wzmacniacza masz teraz dwa, ale mogą one być mniejsze dla tego samego poziomu głośności. O ile mniejsze zależy od oceny wrażliwości sterowników (więcej o tym później). Podobnie 3-drożny system wymaga trzech wzmacniaczy mocy. Zobaczysz i usłyszysz również terminy bi-amp. i tri-amped stosowane do systemów 2- i 3-drożnych. Aktywne crossovery leczą wiele dolegliwości pasywnych systemów. Ponieważ same filtry krzyżowe są bezpiecznie schowane w ich własnym pudełku, z dala od problemów związanych z impedancją podczas jazdy i obciążania, borykających się z jednostkami pasywnymi, mogą one działać w niemal matematycznie doskonały sposób. Niezwykle strome, gładkie i dobrze zachowane nachylenia poprzeczne są łatwo osiągalne dzięki aktywnym obwodom. Nie występują problemy z utratą zasilania wzmacniacza, ponieważ obwody aktywne działają z własnych niskonapięciowych zasilaczy. Wraz z usunięciem nieefektywności sieci pasywnej, wzmacniacze mocy łatwiej osiągają wymagany poziom głośności. Wstrząsy i drgania głośników spowodowane niedostatecznym tłumieniem drgań tylnej części znikają, gdy tylko sieć pasywna zostanie usunięta. Pozostaje jedynie naturalna impedancja wyjściowa wzmacniacza i jego rezystancja. Oto gdzie pojawia się termin czynnik tłumiący. Zwróć uwagę, że słowo to tłumi. nie tłumi, jak to często się słyszy, zaimponować znajomym. Tłumienie jest miarą zdolności systemu do kontrolowania ruchu stożka głośnika po zaniku sygnału. Nigdy więcej umierającej ryby. Siegfried amp Russ Aktywne crossovery mają wiele imion. Po pierwsze, są one albo dwukierunkowe, albo trzykierunkowe (lub nawet 4-drogowe i 5-drogowe). Następnie jest prędkość i kolejność nachylenia: 24 dBoct (4-ty rząd) lub 18 dBoct (3-ty rząd) i tak dalej. I wreszcie istnieje nazwa tego rodzaju projektu. Dwie najpopularniejsze to Linkwitz-Riley i Butterworth. Nazwa pochodzi od Siegfrieda Linkwitza i Russa Rileya, którzy pierwszy zaproponowali tę aplikację, oraz Stephena Butterwortha, który pierwszy opisał odpowiedź w 1930 roku. Aż do połowy lat 80. dominował projekt Butterwortha trzeciego rzędu (18 dBoct), ale wciąż miał pewne problemy. Od tego czasu rozwój (pionierski w Rane i Sundholm) projektu Linkwitz-Riley czwartego rzędu (24 dBoct) rozwiązał te problemy, a dzisiaj jest normą. To, co się składa, to aktywne crossovery. Na szczęście najtrudniejszą rzeczą w aktywnym crossoverze jest zdobycie pieniędzy na jego zakup. Po tym większość pracy jest już dla ciebie. Na najbardziej podstawowym poziomie wszystko, czego naprawdę potrzebujesz od aktywnego crossovera, to dwie rzeczy: abyś mógł ustawić poprawny punkt zwrotnicy i pozwolić ci zrównoważyć poziomy kierowcy. To wszystko. Pierwszą z nich jest zapoznanie się z arkuszem danych producentów głośników i wybranie go na przednim panelu. (Zakładając, że na przykład jest kompletna, fabrycznie przygotowana dwukierunkowa kabina głośnikowa, jeśli skrzynka jest domowej roboty, obaj kierowcy muszą być starannie dobrani, aby mieli tę samą częstotliwość zwrotnicy, w przeciwnym razie może pojawić się poważny problem z odpowiedzią.) Poziomy równoważenia to konieczne, ponieważ przetworniki o wysokiej częstotliwości są bardziej wydajne niż sterowniki o niskiej częstotliwości. Oznacza to, że jeśli włożysz taką samą ilość mocy do każdego sterownika, jeden zabrzmi głośniej niż drugi. Ten, który jest najbardziej wydajny, gra głośniej. Kilka metod równoważenia sterowników jest zawsze opisanych w dobrej instrukcji obsługi. Korektory Być może słyszeliście, jak mówili, że korektory są niczym więcej jak gloryfikowanymi kontrolkami tonów. Jest to bardzo dokładne i pomaga wyjaśnić ich użyteczność i znaczenie. Mówiąc najprościej, korektory pozwalają na zmianę balansu tonalnego niezależnie od tego, co kontrolujesz. Możesz zwiększać (zwiększać) lub zmniejszać (przycinać) po pasmach pasmo tylko pożądanych częstotliwości. Korektory występują w różnych rozmiarach i kształtach, różnią się znacznie pod względem projektu i złożoności. Wybierz jedną prostą jednostkę jednokanałową z 10 kontrolkami w 1-oktawowym odstępie częstotliwości (mono-pasmowy oktawowy equalizer), aż do pełnowartościowego, dwukanałowego pudełka z 31 kontrolkami na 13-oktawowych odstępach między częstotliwościami (stereo 13-octowy korektor). Istnieją modele graficzne z kontrolkami slajdów (suwaki), które z grubsza notują odpowiedź częstotliwościową equalizerów według kształtu, jaki tworzą, i są modele parametryczne, w których wybierasz częstotliwość, amplitudę i pożądaną szerokość pasma (parametry filtru - patrz wykres poniżej) dla każdego z nich. zespół dostarczony. Daleko i dalej, najprostsze i najbardziej popularne są grafiki 13 i 23 oktawy. Oferują najlepszą kombinację kontroli, złożoności i kosztów. Wybierając korektory graficzne, należy wziąć pod uwagę przede wszystkim liczbę kanałów wejściowych, liczbę pasków wspomagających, odległość między środkową częstotliwością oraz dokładność wyjścia w porównaniu do ustawień na panelu przednim. Aż do niedawnego opracowania grafiki z prawdziwą reakcją, ustawienia panelu przedniego tylko przybliżały rzeczywistą odpowiedź korektora. Przed prawdziwą grafiką reakcji, sąsiednia interakcja pasma powodowała, że rzeczywista odpowiedź wyjściowa odbiegała od ustawień na panelu przednim. Opisane jako stałe-Q lub zmienne-Q (patrz schematy), indywidualne zachowanie pasma filtra określało interakcję. We wczesnych latach 80. Rane opracował pierwsze stałe projekty Q, aby zachować ten sam kształt (szerokość pasma) w całym zakresie cięcia. Natomiast projekty o zmiennej Q mają różne szerokości pasma (zmiany kształtu) w zależności od wielkości cięcia. Ciągła praca - konstrukcja Q oferowała dużą poprawę odpowiedzi wyjściowej w porównaniu do ustawień na panelu przednim i stała się najpopularniejszym projektem, dopóki Rane i inni nie opracowali pierwszych korektorów graficznych z prawdziwymi reakcjami. Teraz prawdziwa grafika reakcji oferuje najlepszą odpowiedź. Używanie Equalizerów Equalizers może zdziałać cuda dla systemu dźwiękowego. Zacznijmy od wydajności głośnika. Niefortunna prawda dotycząca głośników budżetu nie brzmi zbyt dobrze. Zwykle jest to spowodowane nierównomierną charakterystyką częstotliwościową lub, bardziej poprawnie, nie płaską charakterystyką mocy. Idealna obudowa ma płaską charakterystykę mocy. Oznacza to, że jeśli wybierzesz, powiedzmy, 1 kHz jako sygnał odniesienia, użyjesz go do napędzania głośnika dokładnie jednym watomierzem, zmierzysz głośność i przeciągniesz generator przez cały zakres częstotliwości głośników, wszystkie częstotliwości będą mierzone równie głośno. Niestety, z wszystkimi, ale najdroższymi systemami głośnikowymi, nie będą. Korektory mogą pomóc w tych niedoborach częstotliwości. Dodając trochę tutaj i zabierając trochę tam, dość szybko tworzysz akceptowalną odpowiedź mocy - i o wiele lepiej brzmiący system. Zaskakujące, jak niewielka korekta może zmienić kiepski system dźwiękowy w coś całkiem przyzwoitego. Najlepszym sposobem na radzenie sobie z głośnikami budżetu - choć kosztuje więcej - jest zatwierdzenie jednego kanału korektora dla każdego gabinetu. To staje się małżeństwem. Ustawiony jest korektor, pokrywa zabezpieczająca jest przykręcona, a na zawsze więcej jest nierozłączna. (Użyj dodatkowych korektorów, aby pomóc w problemach z pokojem.) A teraz dla trudnej części, ale najważniejsza część: Jeśli wykonasz pomiary na zewnątrz (bez odbić od ścian lub sufitu) i w powietrzu (brak odbić od podłoża ) można uzyskać bardzo dokładny obraz reakcji tylko głośników, bez efektów przestrzennych. To daje odpowiedź niezależną od pomieszczenia. Jest to bardzo ważne, ponieważ bez względu na to, gdzie to pole jest używane, ma te problemy. Oczywiście, należy upewnić się, że koszt głośnika budżetu plus korektor graficzny jest znacznie niższy niż zakup naprawdę płaskiego zestawu głośnikowego. Na szczęście (a może to smutno) zazwyczaj tak jest. Ponownie, prawda jest taka, że większość szafek nie jest płaska. To tylko bardzo drogie głośniki mają odpowiedzi na światowym poziomie. (Hmmm. Może to dlatego tak dużo kosztują) Następną rzeczą, którą możesz zrobić z korektorami, jest poprawienie sposobu, w jaki brzmią poszczególne lokacje. Każdy pokój brzmi inaczej - fakt życia - fakt fizyki. Używając dokładnie tego samego sprzętu, grając dokładnie tę samą muzykę w dokładnie taki sam sposób, różne pokoje brzmią inaczej - gwarantowane. Każda zamknięta przestrzeń inaczej traktuje dźwięk. Odbity dźwięk powoduje problemy. To, co usłyszy publiczność, składa się z bezpośredniego dźwięku (co pochodzi prosto z głośnika bezpośrednio od słuchacza) i odbitego dźwięku (odbija się od wszystkiego przed dotarciem do słuchacza). A jeśli pomieszczenie jest wystarczająco duże, do głosu dochodzi pogłos, który jest wszystkim dźwiękiem odbitym do tej pory, i przez taki (stosunkowo) długi czas, który przybywa i ponownie dociera do słuchacza z opóźnieniem na tyle, aby brzmieć jak drugie i trzecie źródło, a nawet echo, jeśli pokój jest naprawdę duży. Jest to w zasadzie problem geometrii. Każdy pokój różni się wymiarami nie tylko pod względem podstawowej długości po szerokości, ale także w wysokości sufitu, odległości od Ciebie i Twojego sprzętu do widowni, jaka jest zawieszona (lub nie zawieszona), na ścianach, ile okien i tam są drzwi i gdzie. Każdy szczegół dotyczący przestrzeni wpływa na twój dźwięk. I niestety, niewiele można z tym zrobić. Większość czynników wpływających na dźwięk nie można zmienić. Z pewnością nie możesz zmienić wymiarów ani zmienić lokalizacji okien i drzwi. Ale jest kilka rzeczy, które możesz zrobić, a wyrównanie jest jednym z nich. Zanim jednak wyrównasz, zoptymalizuj sposób i miejsce umieszczania głośników. Jest to prawdopodobnie najważniejszy element do obsłużenia. Gdy to tylko możliwe, trzymaj głośniki z dala od narożników. Usuń wszystkie ograniczenia między głośnikami a odbiorcami, w tym banerami, sprzętem scenicznym i wykonawcami. To, czego potrzebujesz, zależy od większości dźwięków, które widzowie słyszą, aby pochodzić bezpośrednio z głośników. Chcesz zminimalizować wszystkie odbite dźwięki. Jeśli wykonałeś dobrą robotę wybierając i wyrównywając swoje głośniki, to już wiesz, że twój bezpośredni dźwięk jest dobry. Pozostało tylko zminimalizować odbity dźwięk. Następnie użyj wyrównania, aby pomóc niektórym z pokoi w bardziej kłopotliwych funkcjach. Jeśli pomieszczenie jest wyjątkowo jasne, możesz podnieść niski poziom, aby go zrównoważyć, lub zrzucić wysokie tony. Lub, jeśli pomieszczenie ma tendencję do buchania, można obniżyć niski koniec, aby zmniejszyć rezonans. Innym sposobem, w jaki EQ jest dość skuteczny, jest kontrola kłopotliwych tonów sprzężenia zwrotnego. Sprzężenie zwrotne jest takie, że gdy dźwięk z głośnika zostanie podniesiony przez jeden z mikrofonów na scenie, ponownie zostanie wzmocniony i wypompowany głośnik, a następnie ponownie podniesiony przez mikrofon i ponownie amplifikowane i tak dalej. Najczęściej dzieje się tak, gdy system gra głośno. To ma sens, ponieważ w przypadku łagodniejszych dźwięków sygnał nie jest wystarczająco duży, aby dotrzeć do mikrofonu, lub jeśli jest, jest zbyt mały, by go nagromadzić. Problem polega na tym, że system nie działa, działa w systemie zamkniętej pętli sprzężenia zwrotnego, aż do momentu, gdy coś się zepsuje lub publiczność opuści. Użyj korektora, aby wyciąć te częstotliwości, które chcą wyć, nie tylko zatrzymać pisk, ale pozwolisz, aby system grał głośniej. Techniczną frazą jest maksymalizacja zysku systemu przed sprzężeniem zwrotnym. Ważne jest, aby na samym początku zrozumieć, że nie można naprawić problemów związanych z dźwiękiem w pomieszczeniu przy użyciu korektora, ale można poruszać miejscami problemów. Możesz układać dźwięki w sposób soniczny, co pomaga oswoić ekscesy. Wygrywasz, dzięki czemu brzmi lepiej. Wyrównanie pomaga. Rysunek 5. Parametry filtru pasmowego Rys. 6. Rys. Variable-Q Rys. 7. Equalizery graficzne Constant-Q są przydatne w rozszerzaniu instrumentu lub głosu. Wraz z ćwiczeniem nauczysz się używać korektora, aby poprawić brzmienie dla najlepszej ekspresji osobistej: pogłębić dołki, wypełnić środek lub wyolbrzymić wzloty. cokolwiek chcesz. Tak jak korektor dźwięku może poprawić brzmienie słabego głośnika, może poprawić dźwięk mikrofonu marginesowego lub wzmocnić dowolny instrument muzyczny. Korektory dają ci coś ekstra, tę przewagę. (Wszyscy wiemy, skąd naprawdę pochodzą cytaty z cytatów). Oglądanie dźwięku Aby ułatwić pomiar głośników i nagłośnienia, potrzebujesz analizatora czasu rzeczywistego (RTA). RTA pozwala zobaczyć odpowiedź mocy, nie tylko dla głośnika, ale co ważniejsze dla całego systemu. Standartowe RTA używają matrycy LED lub LCD do wyświetlenia odpowiedzi. A built-in pink noise generator (a special kind of shaped noise containing all audible frequencies, optimized for measuring sound systems) is used as the test signal. A measuring microphone is included for sampling the response. The display is arranged to show amplitude verses frequency. Depending upon cost, the number of frequency columns varies from 10 on 1-octave centers, up to 31 on 13-octave centers (agreeing with graphic equalizers). Amplitude range and precision varies with price. With the cost of laptop computers tumbling, the latest form of RTA involves an accessory box and software that works with your computer. These are particularly nice, and loaded with special memory, calculations and multipurpose functions like also being an elaborate SPL meter. Highly recommended if the budget allows. Dynamic Controllers Dynamic controllers or processors represent a class of signal processing devices used to alter an audio signal based solely upon its frequency content and amplitude level . thus the term quotdynamicquot since the processing is completely program dependent. The two most common dynamic effects are compressors and expanders . with limiters and noise gates (or just quotgatesquot) being special cases of these. The dynamic range of an audio passage is the ratio of the loudest (undistorted) signal to the quietest (just audible) signal, expressed in dB. Usually the maximum output signal is restricted by the size of the power supplies (you cannot swing more voltage than is available), while the minimum output signal is fixed by the noise floor (you cannot put out an audible signal less than the noise). Professional-grade analog signal processing equipment can output maximum levels of 26 dBu, with the best noise floors being down around -94 dBu. This gives a maximum dynamic range of 120 dB (equivalent to 20-bit digital audio) -- pretty impressive number -- but very difficult to work with. Thus were born dynamic processors. Compressors Compressors are signal processing units used to reduce ( compress ) the dynamic range of the signal passing through them. The modern use for compressors is to turn down just the loudest signals dynamically . For instance, an input dynamic range of 110 dB might pass through a compressor and exit with a new dynamic range of 70 dB. This clever bit of processing is normally done using a VCA (voltage controlled amplifier) whose gain is determined by a control voltage derived from the input signal. Therefore, whenever the input signal exceeds the threshold point, the control voltage becomes proportional to the signals dynamic content. This lets the music peaks turn down the gain. Before compressors, a human did this at the mixing board and we called it gain-riding . This person literally turned down the gain anytime it got too loud for the system to handle. You need to reduce the dynamic range because extreme ranges of dynamic material are very difficult for sound systems to handle. If you turn it up as loud as you want for the average signals, then along comes these huge musical peaks, which are vital to the punch and drama of the music, yet are way too large for the power amps and loudspeakers to handle. Either the power amps clip, or the loudspeakers bottom out (reach their travel limits), or both -- and the system sounds terrible . Or going the other way, if you set the system gain to prevent these overload occurrences, then when things get nice and quiet, and the vocals drop real low, nobody can hear a thing. Its always something. So you buy a compressor. Using it is quite simple: Set a threshold point, above which everything will be turned down a certain amount, and then select a ratio defining just how much a quotcertain amountquot is. All audio below the threshold point is unaffected and all audio above this point is compressed by the ratio amount. The earlier example of reducing 110 dB to 70 dB requires a ratio setting of 1.6:1 (11070 1.6). The key to understanding compressors is to always think in terms of increasing level changes in dB above the threshold point . A compressor makes these increases smaller . From our example, for every 1.6 dB increase above the threshold point the output only increases 1 dB . In this regard compressors make loud sounds quieter . If the sound gets louder by 1.6 dB and the output only increases by 1 dB, then the loud sound has been made quieter. Some compressors include attack and release controls. The attack time is the amount of time that passes between the moment the input signal exceeds the threshold and the moment that the gain is actually reduced. The release time is just the opposite -- the amount of time that passes between the moment the input signal drops below the threshold and the moment that the gain is restored. These controls are very difficult to set, and yet once set, rarely need changing. Because of this difficulty, and the terrible sounding consequences of wrong settings, Rane correctly presets these controls to cover a wide variety of music and speech -- one less thing for you to worry about. System overload is not the only place we find compressors. Another popular use is in the making of sound. For example when used in conjunction with microphones and musical instrument pick-ups, compressors help determine the final timbre (tone) by selectively compressing specific frequencies and waveforms. Common examples are quotfatteningquot drum sounds, increasing guitar sustain, vocal quotsmoothing, quot and quotbringing upquot specific sounds out of the mix, etc. It is quite amazing what a little compression can do. Check your owners manual for more tips. Figure 8. GateExpanderCompressorLimiter Action Expanders are signal processing units used to increase ( expand ) the dynamic range of the signal passing through it. However, modern expanders operate only below the set threshold point . that is, they operate only on low-level audio. Operating in this manner they make the quiet parts quieter . The term downward expander or downward expansion evolved to describe this type of application. The most common use is noise reduction. For example, say, an expanders threshold level is set to be just below the quietest vocal level being recorded, and the ratio control is set for 2:1. What happens is this: when the vocals stop, the signal level drops below the set point down to the noise floor. There has been a step decrease from the smallest signal level down to the noise floor. If that step change is, say, -10 dB, then the expanders output attenuates 20 dB (i. e. due to the 2:1 ratio, a 10 dB decrease becomes a 20 dB decrease), thus resulting in a noise reduction improvement of 10 dB. Its now 10 dB quieter than it would have been without the expander. Limiters are compressors with fixed ratios of 10:1 or greater. Here, the dynamic action prevents the audio signal from becoming any bigger than the threshold setting . For example, say the threshold is set for 16 dBu and a musical peak suddenly comes along and causes the input to jump by 10 dB to 26 dB, the output will only increase by 1 dB to 17 dBu -- basically remaining level. Limiters find use in preventing equipment and recording media overloads. A limiter is the extreme case of compression. You will hear the term pumping used in conjunction with poorly designed or improperly set limiters. Pumping describes an audible problem caused by actually hearing the gain change -- it makes a kind of quotpumpingquot sound. This is particularly a problem with limiters that operate too abruptly. Rest assured that Rane limiters are designed not to have any audible side-effects. Noise Gates Noise gates (or gates ) are expanders with fixed quotinfinitequot downward expansion ratios. They are used extensively for controlling unwanted noise, such as preventing quotopenquot microphones and quothotquot instrument pick-ups from introducing extraneous sounds into your system. When the incoming audio signal drops below the threshold point, the gate prevents further output by reducing the gain to quotzero. quot Typically, this means attenuating all signals by about 80 dB. Therefore once audio drops below the threshold, the output level basically becomes the residual noise of the gate. Common terminology refers to the gate quotopeningquot and quotclosing. quot A gate is the extreme case of downward expansion. Just as poorly designed limiters can cause pumping, poorly designed gates can cause breathing . The term breathing is used to describe an audible problem caused by being able to hear the noise floor of a product rise and lower, sounding a lot like the unit was quotbreathing. quot It takes careful design to get all the dynamic timing exactly right so breathing does not occur. Rane works very hard to make sure all of its dynamic processors have no audible funny business. Another popular application for noise gates is to enhance musical instrument sounds, especially percussion instruments. Correctly setting a noise gates attack (turn-on) and release (turn-off) adds quotpunch, quot or quottightensquot the percussive sound, making it more pronounced -- this is how Phil Collins gets his cool snare sound, for instance. Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail Develop, introduce or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, State, or Federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions. 2017 employment: 58,300 May 2018 median annual wage: 20,500 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -400 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 11-1031.00 - Legislators Transportation, storage, and distribution managers Plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in accordance with organizational policies and applicable government laws or regulations. Includes logistics managers. Education administrators, all other All education administrators not listed separately. Postmasters and mail superintendents Plan, direct, or coordinate operational, administrative, management, and supportive services of a U. S. post office or coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office. 2017 employment: 17,300 May 2018 median annual wage: 70,640 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -4,600 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 11-9131.00 - Postmasters and Mail Superintendents All managers not listed separately. Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes Represent and promote artists, performers, and athletes in dealings with current or prospective employers. May handle contract negotiation and other business matters for clients. Examine, evaluate, and investigate eligibility for or conformity with laws and regulations governing contract compliance of licenses and permits, and perform other compliance and enforcement inspection and analysis activities not classified elsewhere. Excludes Financial Examiners (13-2061), Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents (13-2081), Occupational Health and Safety Specialists (29-9011), Occupational Health and Safety Technicians (29-9012), Transportation Security Screeners (33-9093), Agricultural Inspectors (45-2017), Construction and Building Inspectors (47-4011), and Transportation Inspectors (53-6051). Recruit and hire seasonal or temporary agricultural laborers. May transport, house, and provide meals for workers. 2017 employment: 100 May 2018 median annual wage: 30,910 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 13-1074.00 - Farm Labor Contractors Business operations specialists, all other All business operations specialists not listed separately. Analyze credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with credit information for use in decision making. Advise and educate individuals or organizations on acquiring and managing debt. May provide guidance in determining the best type of loan and explaining loan requirements or restrictions. May help develop debt management plans, advise on credit issues, or provide budget, mortgage, and bankruptcy counseling. Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses. Excludes Accountants and Auditors (13-2017). 2017 employment: 90,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 36,450 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,400 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 13-2082.00 - Tax Preparers Financial specialists, all other All financial specialists not listed separately. Computer occupations, all other All computer occupations not listed separately. Excludes Computer and Information Systems Managers (11-3021), Computer Hardware Engineers (17-2061), Electrical and Electronics Engineers (17-2070), Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1021), Multimedia Artists and Animators (27-1014), Graphic Designers (27-1024), Computer Operators (43-9011), and Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairs (49-2017). Apply standardized mathematical formulas, principles, and methodology to technological problems in engineering and physical sciences in relation to specific industrial and research objectives, processes, equipment, and products. Mathematical science occupations, all other All mathematical scientists not listed separately. All engineers not listed separately. Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other All engineering technicians, except drafters, not listed separately. Biological scientists, all other All biological scientists not listed separately. All life scientists not listed separately. Physical scientists, all other All physical scientists not listed separately. Social scientists and related workers, all other All social scientists and related workers not listed separately. Social science research assistants Assist social scientists in laboratory, survey, and other social science research. May help prepare findings for publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management. Excludes Graduate Teaching Assistants (25-1191). Forest and conservation technicians Provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, forests, or related natural resources. May compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts, under the direction of foresters or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation, fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats. Excludes Conservation Scientists (19-1031) and Foresters (19-1032). Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other All life, physical, and social science technicians not listed separately. All counselors not listed separately. Community and social service specialists, all other All community and social service specialists not listed separately. Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members. 2017 employment: 244,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 44,250 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 13,800 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 21-2017.00 - Clergy Directors, religious activities and education Plan, direct, or coordinate programs designed to promote the religious education or activities of a denominational group. May provide counseling and guidance relative to marital, health, financial, and religious problems. Religious workers, all other All religious workers not listed separately. Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents. Excludes Lawyers (23-1011) and Paralegals and Legal Assistants (23-2017). Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies. 2017 employment: 71,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 44,370 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 23-2093.00 - Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers Legal support workers, all other All legal support workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 52,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 53,920 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 23-2099.00 - Legal Support Workers, All Other Graduate teaching assistants Assist faculty or other instructional staff in postsecondary institutions by performing teaching or teaching-related duties, such as teaching lower level courses, developing teaching materials, preparing and giving examinations, and grading examinations or papers. Graduate teaching assistants must be enrolled in a graduate school program. Graduate assistants who primarily perform non-teaching duties, such as research, should be reported in the occupational category related to the work performed. Excludes Teacher Assistants (25-9041). Home economics teachers, postsecondary Teach courses in childcare, family relations, finance, nutrition, and related subjects pertaining to home management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary Teach courses pertaining to recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, including exercise physiology and facilities management. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research. Postsecondary teachers, all other All postsecondary teachers not listed separately. Special education teachers, all other All special education teachers not listed separately. Self-enrichment education teachers Teach or instruct courses other than those that normally lead to an occupational objective or degree. Courses may include self-improvement, nonvocational, and nonacademic subjects. Teaching may or may not take place in a traditional educational institution. Excludes Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors (39-9031). Flight instructors are included with Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers (53-2017). 2017 employment: 348,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 36,680 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 53,500 Growth rate: 15 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 25-3021.00 - Self-Enrichment Education Teachers Teachers and instructors, all other All teachers and instructors not listed separately. Audio-visual and multimedia collections specialists Prepare, plan, and operate multimedia teaching aids for use in education. May record, catalogue, and file materials. Farm and home management advisors Advise, instruct, and assist individuals and families engaged in agriculture, agricultural-related processes, or home economics activities. Demonstrate procedures and apply research findings to solve problems and instruct and train in product development, sales, and the use of machinery and equipment to promote general welfare. Includes county agricultural agents, feed and farm management advisers, home economists, and extension service advisors. Education, training, and library workers, all other All education, training, and library workers not listed separately. Merchandise displayers and window trimmers Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions. 2017 employment: 120,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 26,870 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,300 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-1026.00 - Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers Design special exhibits and movie, television, and theater sets. May study scripts, confer with directors, and conduct research to determine appropriate architectural styles. All designers not listed separately. Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other All entertainers and performers, sports and related workers not listed separately. Media and communication workers, all other All media and communication workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 33,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 45,220 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-3099.00 - Media and Communication Workers, All Other Receive and transmit communications using radiotelephone equipment in accordance with government regulations. May repair equipment. Excludes Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairs (49-2021). 2017 employment: 1,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 50,040 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 27-4013.00 - Radio Operators Media and communication equipment workers, all other All media and communication equipment workers not listed separately. All therapists not listed separately. Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other All health diagnosing and treating practitioners not listed separately. Assist in the provision of food service and nutritional programs, under the supervision of a dietitian. May plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals. Respiratory therapy technicians Provide respiratory care under the direction of respiratory therapists and physicians. Ophthalmic medical technicians Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions. May administer eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct the patient in care and use of corrective lenses. 2017 employment: 37,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,350 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 9,100 Growth rate: 25 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 29-2057.00 - Ophthalmic Medical Technicians Select and fit hearing aids for customers. Administer and interpret tests of hearing. Assess hearing instrument efficacy. Take ear impressions and prepare, design, and modify ear molds. Excludes Audiologists (29-1181). 2017 employment: 5,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 49,600 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,600 Growth rate: 27 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 29-2092.00 - Hearing Aid Specialists Health technologists and technicians, all other All health technologists and technicians not listed separately. Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other All healthcare practitioners and technical workers not listed separately. Medical equipment preparers Prepare, sterilize, install, or clean laboratory or healthcare equipment. May perform routine laboratory tasks and operate or inspect equipment. 2017 employment: 52,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 33,330 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 7,300 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 31-9093.00 - Medical Equipment Preparers Record drugs delivered to the pharmacy, store incoming merchandise, and inform the supervisor of stock needs. May operate cash register and accept prescriptions for filling. 2017 employment: 41,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 24,450 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 100 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 31-9095.00 - Pharmacy Aides Healthcare support workers, all other All healthcare support workers not listed separately First-line supervisors of correctional officers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of correctional officers and jailers. 2017 employment: 47,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 59,720 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,500 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers First-line supervisors of police and detectives Directly supervise and coordinate activities of members of police force. 2017 employment: 108,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 82,090 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 4,500 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in fire fighting and fire prevention and control. First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other All protective service supervisors not listed separately above. Parking enforcement workers Patrol assigned area, such as public parking lot or city streets to issue tickets to overtime parking violators and illegally parked vehicles. 2017 employment: 9,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 36,530 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -2,000 Growth rate: -21 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-3041.00 - Parking Enforcement Workers Handle animals for the purpose of investigations of mistreatment, or control of abandoned, dangerous, or unattended animals. 2017 employment: 15,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 33,450 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 900 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9011.00 - Animal Control Workers Guide or control vehicular or pedestrian traffic at such places as streets, schools, railroad crossings, or construction sites. 2017 employment: 69,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 25,100 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 4,500 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9091.00 - Crossing Guards Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers Monitor recreational areas, such as pools, beaches, or ski slopes to provide assistance and protection to participants. Transportation security screeners Conduct screening of passengers, baggage, or cargo to ensure compliance with Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations. May operate basic security equipment such as x-ray machines and hand wands at screening checkpoints. 2017 employment: 46,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 39,310 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -4,200 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 33-9093.00 - Transportation Security Screeners Protective service workers, all other All protective service workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in preparing and serving food. Clean dishes, kitchen, food preparation equipment, or utensils. 2017 employment: 507,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 19,340 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -19,500 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 35-9021.00 - Dishwashers First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers Directly supervise and coordinate work activities of cleaning personnel in hotels, hospitals, offices, and other establishments. First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in landscaping or groundskeeping activities. Work may involve reviewing contracts to ascertain service, machine, and workforce requirements answering inquiries from potential customers regarding methods, material, and price ranges and preparing estimates according to labor, material, and machine costs. Maids and housekeeping cleaners Perform any combination of light cleaning duties to maintain private households or commercial establishments, such as hotels and hospitals, in a clean and orderly manner. Duties may include making beds, replenishing linens, cleaning rooms and halls, and vacuuming. 2017 employment: 1,457,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 20,740 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 111,700 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 37-2017.00 - Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners Building cleaning workers, all other All building cleaning workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 16,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 29,250 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 800 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 37-2019.00 - Building Cleaning Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of personal service workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of personal service workers, such as flight attendants, hairdressers, or caddies. Motion picture projectionists Set up and operate motion picture projection and related sound reproduction equipment. 2017 employment: 6,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 21,490 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -1,200 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3021.00 - Motion Picture Projectionists Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers Assist patrons at entertainment events by performing duties, such as collecting admission tickets and passes from patrons, assisting in finding seats, searching for lost articles, and locating such facilities as rest rooms and telephones. 2017 employment: 113,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 19,180 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 6,100 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3031.00 - Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers Amusement and recreation attendants Perform a variety of attending duties at amusement or recreation facility. May schedule use of recreation facilities, maintain and provide equipment to participants of sporting events or recreational pursuits, or operate amusement concessions and rides. 2017 employment: 288,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 19,280 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 22,300 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3091.00 - Amusement and Recreation Attendants Select, fit, and take care of costumes for cast members, and aid entertainers. May assist with multiple costume changes during performances. 2017 employment: 6,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 44,500 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 500 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3092.00 - Costume Attendants Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants Provide personal items to patrons or customers in locker rooms, dressing rooms, or coatrooms. 2017 employment: 18,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 21,020 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 900 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3093.00 - Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other All entertainment attendants and related workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 16,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 22,720 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 2,900 Growth rate: 17 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-3099.00 - Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, All Other Prepare bodies for interment in conformity with legal requirements. 2017 employment: 3,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 40,410 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: -6 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-4011.00 - Embalmers Perform a variety of tasks during funeral, such as placing casket in parlor or chapel prior to service arranging floral offerings or lights around casket directing or escorting mourners closing casket and issuing and storing funeral equipment. 2017 employment: 36,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 23,770 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -400 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-4021.00 - Funeral Attendants Makeup artists, theatrical and performance Apply makeup to performers to reflect period, setting, and situation of their role. Shampoo and rinse customers hair. 2017 employment: 23,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 19,290 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 2,500 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-5093.00 - Shampooers Baggage porters and bellhops Handle baggage for travelers at transportation terminals or for guests at hotels or similar establishments. 2017 employment: 43,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 21,160 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-6011.00 - Baggage Porters and Bellhops Assist patrons at hotel, apartment, or office building with personal services. May take messages, arrange or give advice on transportation, business services or entertainment, or monitor guest requests for housekeeping and maintenance. 2017 employment: 31,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 29,030 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,300 Growth rate: 10 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-6012.00 - Concierges Escort individuals or groups on sightseeing tours or through places of interest, such as industrial establishments, public buildings, and art galleries. 2017 employment: 43,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 24,100 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 2,200 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-7011.00 - Tour Guides and Escorts Plan, organize, and conduct long distance travel. tours, and expeditions for individuals and groups. 2017 employment: 3,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 34,180 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-7012.00 - Travel Guides Coordinate activities in resident facilities in secondary and college dormitories, group homes, or similar establishments. Order supplies and determine need for maintenance, repairs, and furnishings. May maintain household records and assign rooms. May assist residents with problem solving or refer them to counseling resources. 2017 employment: 103,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 24,990 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 14,100 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-9041.00 - Residential Advisors Personal care and service workers, all other All personal care and service workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 93,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 22,310 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 5,900 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 39-9099.00 - Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of retail sales workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties. 2017 employment: 1,537,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 38,310 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 67,600 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 41-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of sales workers other than retail sales workers. May perform duties, such as budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties. Gaming change persons and booth cashiers Exchange coins, tokens and chips for patrons money. May issue payoffs and obtain customers signature on receipt. May operate a booth in the slot machine area and furnish change persons with money bank at the start of the shift, or count and audit money in drawers. Excludes Cashiers (41-2017). Receive orders, generally in person, for repairs, rentals, and services. May describe available options, compute cost, and accept payment. Excludes Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop (35-3022), Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks (43-4081), Order Clerks (43-4151), and Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks (43-4181). 2017 employment: 442,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 24,440 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 16,300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-2021.00 - Counter and Rental Clerks Sales representatives, services, all other All services sales representatives not listed separately. Demonstrators and product promoters Demonstrate merchandise and answer questions for the purpose of creating public interest in buying the product. May sell demonstrated merchandise. 2017 employment: 93,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 24,940 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 8,200 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-9011.00 - Demonstrators and Product Promoters Solicit donations or orders for goods or services over the telephone. 2017 employment: 237,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 23,530 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -7,200 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 41-9041.00 - Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers Sell goods or services door-to-door or on the street. Sales and related workers, all other All sales and related workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers. Switchboard operators, including answering service Operate telephone business systems equipment or switchboards to relay incoming, outgoing, and interoffice calls. May supply information to callers and record messages. Provide information by accessing alphabetical, geographical, or other directories. Assist customers with special billing requests, such as charges to a third party and credits or refunds for incorrectly dialed numbers or bad connections. May handle emergency calls and assist children or people with physical disabilities to make telephone calls. 2017 employment: 13,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,880 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -5,500 Growth rate: -42 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-2021.00 - Telephone Operators Communications equipment operators, all other All communications equipment operators not listed separately. 2017 employment: 3,300 May 2018 median annual wage: 40,330 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-2099.00 - Communications Equipment Operators, All Other All financial clerks not listed separately. 2017 employment: 38,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 40,080 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,400 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-3099.00 - Financial Clerks, All Other Expedite and route movement of incoming and outgoing cargo and freight shipments in airline, train, and trucking terminals, and shipping docks. Take orders from customers and arrange pickup of freight and cargo for delivery to loading platform. Prepare and examine bills of lading to determine shipping charges and tariffs. Pick up and deliver messages, documents, packages, and other items between offices or departments within an establishment or directly to other business concerns, traveling by foot, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, or public conveyance. Excludes Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers (53-3033). 2017 employment: 92,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 27,280 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 4,800 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5021.00 - Couriers and Messengers Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance Schedule and dispatch workers, work crews, equipment, or service vehicles for conveyance of materials, freight, or passengers, or for normal installation, service, or emergency repairs rendered outside the place of business. Duties may include using radio, telephone, or computer to transmit assignments and compiling statistics and reports on work progress. 2017 employment: 199,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 37,150 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 8,800 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5032.00 - Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance Read meter and record consumption of electricity, gas, water, or steam. 2017 employment: 37,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 38,510 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -6,700 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-5041.00 - Meter Readers, Utilities Monitor and control electronic computer and peripheral electronic data processing equipment to process business, scientific, engineering, and other data according to operating instructions. Monitor and respond to operating and error messages. May enter commands at a computer terminal and set controls on computer and peripheral devices. Excludes Computer Occupations (15-1100) and Data Entry Keyers (43-9021). 2017 employment: 61,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 40,420 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -11,600 Growth rate: -19 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9011.00 - Computer Operators Operate data entry device, such as keyboard or photo composing perforator. Duties may include verifying data and preparing materials for printing. Excludes Word Processors and Typists (43-9022). 2017 employment: 216,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 29,460 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -7,900 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9021.00 - Data Entry Keyers Word processors and typists Use word processor, computer or typewriter to type letters, reports, forms, or other material from rough draft, corrected copy, or voice recording. May perform other clerical duties as assigned. Excludes Data Entry Keyers (43-9021), Secretaries and Administrative Assistants (43-6011 through 43-6014), Court Reporters (23-2091), and Medical Transcriptionists (31-9094). 2017 employment: 90,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 37,610 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -14,200 Growth rate: -16 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9022.00 - Word Processors and Typists Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution. Use hand or mail handling machines to time stamp, open, read, sort, and route incoming mail and address, seal, stamp, fold, stuff, and affix postage to outgoing mail or packages. Duties may also include keeping necessary records and completed forms. Office machine operators, except computer Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines. Excludes Computer Operators (43-9011), Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service (43-9051) and Billing and Posting Clerks (43-3021). Proofreaders and copy markers Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of Braille. Compile and compute data according to statistical formulas for use in statistical studies. May perform actuarial computations and compile charts and graphs for use by actuaries. Includes actuarial clerks. Office and administrative support workers, all other All office and administrative support workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 264,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 32,590 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 18,400 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 43-9199.00 - Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of agricultural, forestry, aquacultural, and related workers. Excludes First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers (37-1012). Inspect agricultural commodities, processing equipment, and facilities, and fish and logging operations, to ensure compliance with regulations and laws governing health, quality, and safety. 2017 employment: 14,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 43,380 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Bachelors degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 45-2017.00 - Agricultural Inspectors Graders and sorters, agricultural products Grade, sort, or classify unprocessed food and other agricultural products by size, weight, color, or condition. Excludes Agricultural Inspectors (45-2017). First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers Directly supervise and coordinate activities of construction or extraction workers. Cover interior walls or ceilings of rooms with decorative wallpaper or fabric, or attach advertising posters on surfaces such as walls and billboards. May remove old materials or prepare surfaces to be papered. 2017 employment: 6,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 33,590 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2142.00 - Paperhangers Lay pipe for storm or sanitation sewers, drains, and water mains. Perform any combination of the following tasks: grade trenches or culverts, position pipe, or seal joints. Excludes Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers (51-4121). 2017 employment: 45,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 37,780 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 5,200 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2151.00 - Pipelayers Plasterers and stucco masons Apply interior or exterior plaster, cement, stucco, or similar materials. May also set ornamental plaster. 2017 employment: 27,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 37,320 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,900 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-2161.00 - Plasterers and Stucco Masons Erect and repair fences and fence gates, using hand and power tools. 2017 employment: 24,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 32,450 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 2,000 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4031.00 - Fence Erectors Highway maintenance workers Maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement, repairing guard rails, highway markers, and snow fences. May also mow or clear brush from along road or plow snow from roadway. Excludes Tree Trimmers and Pruners (37-3013). 2017 employment: 151,300 May 2018 median annual wage: 36,930 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 7,300 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4051.00 - Highway Maintenance Workers Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators Lay, repair, and maintain track for standard or narrow-gauge railroad equipment used in regular railroad service or in plant yards, quarries, sand and gravel pits, and mines. Includes ballast cleaning machine operators and railroad bed tamping machine operators. 2017 employment: 15,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 52,830 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,500 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4061.00 - Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners Clean and repair septic tanks, sewer lines, or drains. May patch walls and partitions of tank, replace damaged drain tile, or repair breaks in underground piping. 2017 employment: 24,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,370 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 4,000 Growth rate: 16 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-4071.00 - Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners Construction and related workers, all other All construction and related workers not listed separately. Derrick operators, oil and gas Rig derrick equipment and operate pumps to circulate mud through drill hole. 2017 employment: 21,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 47,910 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 2,900 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5011.00 - Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas Rotary drill operators, oil and gas Set up or operate a variety of drills to remove underground oil and gas, or remove core samples for testing during oil and gas exploration. Excludes Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas (47-5021). 2017 employment: 27,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 54,310 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,500 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5012.00 - Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining Operate equipment to increase oil flow from producing wells or to remove stuck pipe, casing, tools, or other obstructions from drilling wells. May also perform similar services in mining exploration operations. Includes fishing-tool technicians. 2017 employment: 64,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 45,000 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 4,700 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5013.00 - Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining Earth drillers, except oil and gas Operate a variety of drills such as rotary, churn, and pneumatic to tap sub-surface water and salt deposits, to remove core samples during mineral exploration or soil testing, and to facilitate the use of explosives in mining or construction. May use explosives. Includes horizontal and earth boring machine operators. 2017 employment: 20,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 44,240 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 2,700 Growth rate: 14 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5021.00 - Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters Place and detonate explosives to demolish structures or to loosen, remove, or displace earth, rock, or other materials. May perform specialized handling, storage, and accounting procedures. Includes seismograph shooters. Excludes Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas (47-5021) who may also work with explosives. 2017 employment: 8,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 50,210 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5031.00 - Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters Continuous mining machine operators Operate self-propelled mining machines that rip coal, metal and nonmetal ores, rock, stone, or sand from the mine face and load it onto conveyors or into shuttle cars in a continuous operation. 2017 employment: 12,300 May 2018 median annual wage: 48,620 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -5 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5041.00 - Continuous Mining Machine Operators Mine cutting and channeling machine operators Operate machinery such as longwall shears, plows, and cutting machines to cut or channel along the face or seams of coal mines, stone quarries, or other mining surfaces to facilitate blasting, separating, or removing minerals or materials from mines or from the Earths surface. Includes shale planers. Mining machine operators, all other All mining machine operators not listed separately. 2017 employment: 2,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 48,550 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5049.00 - Mining Machine Operators, All Other Separate blocks of rough dimension stone from quarry mass using jackhammer and wedges. 2017 employment: 3,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 33,820 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 7 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5051.00 - Rock Splitters, Quarry Operate machinery to install roof support bolts in underground mine. 2017 employment: 6,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 54,950 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -11 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5061.00 - Roof Bolters, Mining Assemble or repair oil field equipment using hand and power tools. Perform other tasks as needed. 2017 employment: 76,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 36,510 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 6,300 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5071.00 - Roustabouts, Oil and Gas Help extraction craft workers, such as earth drillers, blasters and explosives workers, derrick operators, and mining machine operators, by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying equipment or cleaning work area. Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2017 through 47-2231). 2017 employment: 25,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,760 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,200 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5081.00 - Helpers--Extraction Workers Extraction workers, all other All extraction workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 5,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 44,370 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 700 Growth rate: 12 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 47-5099.00 - Extraction Workers, All Other First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of mechanics, installers, and repairers. Excludes team or work leaders. Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers Repair, maintain, or install computers, word processing systems, automated teller machines, and electronic office machines, such as duplicating and fax machines. Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairs Repair, install or maintain mobile or stationary radio transmitting, broadcasting, and receiving equipment, and two-way radio communications systems used in cellular telecommunications, mobile broadband, ship-to-shore, aircraft-to-ground communications, and radio equipment in service and emergency vehicles. May test and analyze network coverage. Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers Repair, adjust, or install audio or television receivers, stereo systems, camcorders, video systems, or other electronic home entertainment equipment. Security and fire alarm systems installers Install, program, maintain, and repair security and fire alarm wiring and equipment. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. Excludes Electricians (47-2111) who do a broad range of electrical wiring. 2017 employment: 64,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 43,420 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 8,200 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-2098.00 - Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers Repair and service bicycles. 2017 employment: 10,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 27,470 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 2,300 Growth rate: 22 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3091.00 - Bicycle Repairers Recreational vehicle service technicians Diagnose, inspect, adjust, repair, or overhaul recreational vehicles including travel trailers. May specialize in maintaining gas, electrical, hydraulic, plumbing, or chassistowing systems as well as repairing generators, appliances, and interior components. Includes workers who perform customized van conversions. Excludes Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics (49-3023) and Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists (49-3031) who also work on recreation vehicles. 2017 employment: 11,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,670 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3092.00 - Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians Tire repairers and changers Repair and replace tires. 2017 employment: 105,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 24,220 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 4,300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-3093.00 - Tire Repairers and Changers Install, service, or repair automatic door mechanisms and hydraulic doors. Includes garage door mechanics. 2017 employment: 17,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 38,160 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,900 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9011.00 - Mechanical Door Repairers Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door Install, repair, and maintain mechanical regulating and controlling devices, such as electric meters, gas regulators, thermostats, safety and flow valves, and other mechanical governors. Repair, adjust, or install all types of electric or gas household appliances, such as refrigerators, washers, dryers, and ovens. 2017 employment: 46,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 36,200 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -1,600 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9031.00 - Home Appliance Repairers Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons Build or repair equipment such as furnaces, kilns, cupolas, boilers, converters, ladles, soaking pits and ovens, using refractory materials. 2017 employment: 1,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 47,060 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9045.00 - Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons Camera and photographic equipment repairers Repair and adjust cameras and photographic equipment, including commercial video and motion picture camera equipment. Musical instrument repairers and tuners Repair percussion, stringed, reed, or wind instruments. May specialize in one area, such as piano tuning. Excludes Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers (49-2097) who repair electrical and electronic musical instruments. 2017 employment: 8,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,660 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Apprenticeship ONET: 49-9063.00 - Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners Repair, clean, and adjust mechanisms of timing instruments, such as watches and clocks. Includes watchmakers, watch technicians, and mechanical timepiece repairers. 2017 employment: 2,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 34,750 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -700 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9064.00 - Watch Repairers Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other All precision instrument and equipment repairers not listed separately. Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers Install, service, adjust, or repair coin, vending, or amusement machines including video games, juke boxes, pinball machines, or slot machines. Work below surface of water, using scuba gear to inspect, repair, remove, or install equipment and structures. May use a variety of power and hand tools, such as drills, sledgehammers, torches, and welding equipment. May conduct tests or experiments, rig explosives, or photograph structures or marine life. Excludes Fishers and Related Fishing Workers (45-3011), Athletes and Sports Competitors (27-2021), and Police and Sheriffs Patrol Officers (33-3051). 2017 employment: 4,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 50,470 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,600 Growth rate: 37 percent (Much faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Postsecondary nondegree award Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9092.00 - Commercial Divers Fabric menders, except garment Repair tears, holes, and other defects in fabrics, such as draperies, linens, parachutes, and tents. 2017 employment: 800 May 2018 median annual wage: 24,490 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -13 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9093.00 - Fabric Menders, Except Garment Locksmiths and safe repairers Repair and open locks make keys change locks and safe combinations and install and repair safes. 2017 employment: 20,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 39,160 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -3,100 Growth rate: -15 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9094.00 - Locksmiths and Safe Repairers Manufactured building and mobile home installers Move or install mobile homes or prefabricated buildings. Set up or repair rigging for construction projects, manufacturing plants, logging yards, ships and shipyards, or for the entertainment industry. 2017 employment: 20,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 43,220 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,800 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9096.00 - Riggers Signal and track switch repairers Install, inspect, test, maintain, or repair electric gate crossings, signals, signal equipment, track switches, section lines, or intercommunications systems within a railroad system. 2017 employment: 9,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 63,840 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9097.00 - Signal and Track Switch Repairers Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers Help installation, maintenance, and repair workers in maintenance, parts replacement, and repair of vehicles, industrial machinery, and electrical and electronic equipment. Perform duties such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers cleaning work area, machines, and tools and holding materials or tools for other workers. 2017 employment: 129,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 26,400 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 12,200 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 49-9098.00 - Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other All, installation, maintenance, and repair workers not listed separately. First-line supervisors of production and operating workers Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Excludes team or work leaders. Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers Use hand or hand tools to perform routine cutting and trimming of meat, poultry, and seafood. 2017 employment: 152,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 23,870 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -200 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-3022.00 - Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers Slaughterers and meat packers Work in slaughtering, meat packing, or wholesale establishments performing precision functions involving the preparation of meat. Work may include specialized slaughtering tasks, cutting standard or premium cuts of meat for marketing, making sausage, or wrapping meats. Excludes Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers (51-3022) who perform routine meat cutting. 2017 employment: 86,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 25,650 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -500 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-3023.00 - Slaughterers and Meat Packers Layout workers, metal and plastic Lay out reference points and dimensions on metal or plastic stock or workpieces, such as sheets, plates, tubes, structural shapes, castings, or machine parts, for further processing. Includes shipfitters. 2017 employment: 13,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 44,530 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -2,700 Growth rate: -20 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-4192.00 - Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners Perform precision smoothing, sharpening, polishing, or grinding of metal objects. 2017 employment: 11,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,550 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -2,000 Growth rate: -18 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-4194.00 - Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners Metal workers and plastic workers, all other All metal workers and plastic workers not listed separately. Prepress technicians and workers Format and proof text and images submitted by designers and clients into finished pages that can be printed. Includes digital and photo typesetting. May produce printing plates. Set up and operate digital, letterpress, lithographic, flexographic, gravure, or other printing machines. Includes short-run offset printing presses. 2017 employment: 173,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,240 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -21,600 Growth rate: -12 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-5112.00 - Printing Press Operators Print binding and finishing workers Bind books and other publications or finish printed products by hand or machine. May set up binding and finishing machines. 2017 employment: 51,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 30,260 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -7,000 Growth rate: -14 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-5113.00 - Print Binding and Finishing Workers Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Operate or tend washing or dry-cleaning machines to wash or dry-clean industrial or household articles, such as cloth garments, suede, leather, furs, blankets, draperies, linens, rugs, and carpets. Includes spotters and dyers of these articles. 2017 employment: 208,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 20,820 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,700 Growth rate: 2 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6011.00 - Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials Press or shape articles by hand or machine. Operate or tend sewing machines to join, reinforce, decorate, or perform related sewing operations in the manufacture of garment or nongarment products. 2017 employment: 153,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 22,550 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -41,700 Growth rate: -27 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6031.00 - Sewing Machine Operators Shoe and leather workers and repairers Construct, decorate, or repair leather and leather-like products, such as luggage, shoes, and saddles. 2017 employment: 9,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 23,630 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -1,500 Growth rate: -15 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6041.00 - Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers Shoe machine operators and tenders Operate or tend a variety of machines to join, decorate, reinforce, or finish shoes and shoe parts. 2017 employment: 3,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 25,190 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -1,100 Growth rate: -31 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6042.00 - Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders Sew, join, reinforce, or finish, usually with needle and thread, a variety of manufactured items. Includes weavers and stitchers. Excludes Fabric Menders, Except Garment (49-9093). 2017 employment: 12,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 23,640 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -1,200 Growth rate: -10 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6051.00 - Sewers, Hand Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers Design, make, alter, repair, or fit garments. 2017 employment: 40,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 25,830 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -3,400 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6052.00 - Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to bleach, shrink, wash, dye, or finish textiles or synthetic or glass fibers. Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut textiles. Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that knit, loop, weave, or draw in textiles. Excludes Sewing Machine Operators (51-6031). Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that wind or twist textiles or draw out and combine sliver, such as wool, hemp, or synthetic fibers. Includes slubber machine and drawing frame operators. Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers Set up, operate, or tend machines that extrude and form continuous filaments from synthetic materials, such as liquid polymer, rayon, and fiberglass. Fabric and apparel patternmakers Draw and construct sets of precision master fabric patterns or layouts. May also mark and cut fabrics and apparel. 2017 employment: 5,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 43,900 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -1,400 Growth rate: -26 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6092.00 - Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers Make, repair, or replace upholstery for household furniture or transportation vehicles. 2017 employment: 42,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 32,020 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -1,800 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-6093.00 - Upholsterers Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other All textile, apparel, and furnishings workers not listed separately. Construct full-size and scale wooden precision models of products. Includes wood jig builders and loft workers. 2017 employment: 2,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 33,590 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7031.00 - Model Makers, Wood Plan, lay out, and construct wooden unit or sectional patterns used in forming sand molds for castings. 2017 employment: 1,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 38,410 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7032.00 - Patternmakers, Wood All woodworkers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 12,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 28,990 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-7099.00 - Woodworkers, All Other Chemical plant and system operators Control or operate entire chemical processes or system of machines. 2017 employment: 38,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 59,320 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -3,500 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-8091.00 - Chemical Plant and System Operators Distribute or process gas for utility companies and others by controlling compressors to maintain specified pressures on main pipelines. 2017 employment: 16,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 66,010 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -600 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-8092.00 - Gas Plant Operators Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers Operate or control petroleum refining or processing units. May specialize in controlling manifold and pumping systems, gauging or testing oil in storage tanks, or regulating the flow of oil into pipelines. Plant and system operators, all other All plant and system operators not listed separately. Chemical equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend equipment to control chemical changes or reactions in the processing of industrial or consumer products. Equipment used includes devulcanizers, steam-jacketed kettles, and reactor vessels. Excludes Chemical Plant and System Operators (51-8091). 2017 employment: 66,300 May 2018 median annual wage: 47,220 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -5,500 Growth rate: -8 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9011.00 - Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend continuous flow or vat-type equipment filter presses shaker screens centrifuges condenser tubes precipitating, fermenting, or evaporating tanks scrubbing towers or batch stills. These machines extract, sort, or separate liquids, gases, or solids from other materials to recover a refined product. Includes dairy processing equipment operators. Excludes Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders (51-9011). Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines to crush, grind, or polish materials, such as coal, glass, grain, stone, food, or rubber. Grinding and polishing workers, hand Grind, sand, or polish, using hand tools or hand-held power tools, a variety of metal, wood, stone, clay, plastic, or glass objects. Includes chippers, buffers, and finishers. 2017 employment: 29,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 28,610 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -2,600 Growth rate: -9 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9022.00 - Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines to mix or blend materials, such as chemicals, tobacco, liquids, color pigments, or explosive ingredients. Excludes Food Batchmakers (51-3092). Use hand tools or hand-held power tools to cut and trim a variety of manufactured items, such as carpet, fabric, stone, glass, or rubber. 2017 employment: 15,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 26,820 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -2,800 Growth rate: -17 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9031.00 - Cutters and Trimmers, Hand Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut or slice materials, such as glass, stone, cork, rubber, tobacco, food, paper, or insulating material. Excludes Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-7040), Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic (51-4031), and Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-6062). Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend machines, such as glass forming machines, plodder machines, and tuber machines, to shape and form products, such as glassware, food, rubber, soap, brick, tile, clay, wax, tobacco, or cosmetics. Excludes Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-9196) and Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders (51-6042). Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders Operate or tend heating equipment other than basic metal, plastic, or food processing equipment. Includes activities, such as annealing glass, drying lumber, curing rubber, removing moisture from materials, or boiling soap. Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to prepare industrial or consumer products for storage or shipment. Includes cannery workers who pack food products. 2017 employment: 378,400 May 2018 median annual wage: 27,080 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 3,800 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9111.00 - Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders Perform any or all of the following functions in the manufacture of electronic semiconductors: load semiconductor material into furnace saw formed ingots into segments load individual segment into crystal growing chamber and monitor controls locate crystal axis in ingot using x-ray equipment and saw ingots into wafers and clean, polish, and load wafers into series of special purpose furnaces, chemical baths, and equipment used to form circuitry and change conductive properties. 2017 employment: 25,300 May 2018 median annual wage: 35,390 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -2,100 Growth rate: -8 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: Associates degree Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9141.00 - Semiconductor Processors Photographic process workers and processing machine operators Perform work involved in developing and processing photographic images from film or digital media. May perform precision tasks such as editing photographic negatives and prints. Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders Operate or tend bonding machines that use adhesives to join items for further processing or to form a completed product. Processes include joining veneer sheets into plywood gluing paper or joining rubber and rubberized fabric parts, plastic, simulated leather, or other materials. Excludes Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders (51-6042). Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend machines to wash or clean products, such as barrels or kegs, glass items, tin plate, food, pulp, coal, plastic, or rubber, to remove impurities. Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders Operate or tend equipment, such as cooling and freezing units, refrigerators, batch freezers, and freezing tunnels, to cool or freeze products, food, blood plasma, and chemicals. 2017 employment: 8,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 28,630 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9193.00 - Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders Engrave or etch metal, wood, rubber, or other materials. Includes such workers as etcher-circuit processors, pantograph engravers, and silk screen etchers. Photoengravers are included in Prepress Technicians and Workers (51-5111). 2017 employment: 9,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 29,810 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -300 Growth rate: -3 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9194.00 - Etchers and Engravers Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic Mold, shape, form, cast, or carve products such as food products, figurines, tile, pipes, and candles consisting of clay, glass, plaster, concrete, stone, or combinations of materials. Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders Set up, operate, or tend paper goods machines that perform a variety of functions, such as converting, sawing, corrugating, banding, wrapping, boxing, stitching, forming, or sealing paper or paperboard sheets into products. Operate machines to build tires. 2017 employment: 18,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 39,120 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -2,500 Growth rate: -14 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9197.00 - Tire Builders Help production workers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Apprentice workers are classified in the appropriate production occupations (51-0000). 2017 employment: 419,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 23,960 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -16,100 Growth rate: -4 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 51-9198.00 - Helpers--Production Workers Production workers, all other All production workers not listed separately. Aircraft cargo handling supervisors Supervise and coordinate the activities of ground crew in the loading, unloading, securing, and staging of aircraft cargo or baggage. May determine the quantity and orientation of cargo and compute aircraft center of gravity. May accompany aircraft as member of flight crew and monitor and handle cargo in flight, and assist and brief passengers on safety and emergency procedures. Includes loadmasters. 2017 employment: 5,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 45,470 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 0 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: None ONET: 53-1011.00 - Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors First-line supervisors of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of helpers, laborers, or material movers. First-line supervisors of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators Directly supervise and coordinate activities of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators and helpers. Airfield operations specialists Ensure the safe takeoff and landing of commercial and military aircraft. Duties include coordination between air-traffic control and maintenance personnel dispatching using airfield landing and navigational aids implementing airfield safety procedures monitoring and maintaining flight records and applying knowledge of weather information. 2017 employment: 7,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 51,880 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 300 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Long-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-2022.00 - Airfield Operations Specialists Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians Drive ambulance or assist ambulance driver in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. Assist in lifting patients. Motor vehicle operators, all other All motor vehicle operators not listed separately. 2017 employment: 62,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 29,230 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 5,300 Growth rate: 9 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-3099.00 - Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other Subway and streetcar operators Operate subway or elevated suburban trains with no separate locomotive, or electric-powered streetcar, to transport passengers. May handle fares. 2017 employment: 12,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 62,360 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 600 Growth rate: 5 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-4041.00 - Subway and Streetcar Operators Rail transportation workers, all other All rail transportation workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 3,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 59,840 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: 1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-4099.00 - Rail Transportation Workers, All Other Operate and tend bridges, canal locks, and lighthouses to permit marine passage on inland waterways, near shores, and at danger points in waterway passages. May supervise such operations. Includes drawbridge operators, lock operators, and slip bridge operators. 2017 employment: 3,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 48,520 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 0 Growth rate: -1 percent (Little or no change) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6011.00 - Bridge and Lock Tenders Park vehicles or issue tickets for customers in a parking lot or garage. May collect fee. 2017 employment: 135,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 20,630 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 5,800 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6021.00 - Parking Lot Attendants Automotive and watercraft service attendants Service automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, and other automotive or marine vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and accessories. Collect payment for services and supplies. May lubricate vehicle, change motor oil, install antifreeze, or replace lights or other accessories, such as windshield wiper blades or fan belts. May repair or replace tires. 2017 employment: 105,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 21,560 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 11,700 Growth rate: 11 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6031.00 - Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants Conduct field studies to determine traffic volume, speed, effectiveness of signals, adequacy of lighting, and other factors influencing traffic conditions, under direction of traffic engineer. 2017 employment: 6,800 May 2018 median annual wage: 43,930 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 400 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6041.00 - Traffic Technicians Inspect equipment or goods in connection with the safe transport of cargo or people. Includes rail transportation inspectors, such as freight inspectors rail inspectors and other inspectors of transportation vehicles, not elsewhere classified. Excludes Transportation Security Screeners (33-9093). Transportation attendants, except flight attendants Provide services to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers aboard ships, buses, trains, or within the station or terminal. Perform duties such as greeting passengers, explaining the use of safety equipment, serving meals or beverages, or answering questions related to travel. Excludes Baggage Porters and Bellhops (39-6011). 2017 employment: 16,500 May 2018 median annual wage: 25,930 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,000 Growth rate: 6 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6061.00 - Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants Transportation workers, all other All transportation workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 40,200 May 2018 median annual wage: 36,890 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,300 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-6099.00 - Transportation Workers, All Other Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators Operate steam, gas, electric motor, or internal combustion engine driven compressors. Transmit, compress, or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen, hydrogen, and natural gas. 2017 employment: 5,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 58,350 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 200 Growth rate: 3 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7071.00 - Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers Tend, control, or operate power-driven, stationary, or portable pumps and manifold systems to transfer gases, oil, other liquids, slurries, or powdered materials to and from various vessels and processes. 2017 employment: 13,100 May 2018 median annual wage: 42,420 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,100 Growth rate: 8 percent (As fast as average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7072.00 - Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers Operate power pumps and auxiliary equipment to produce flow of oil or gas from wells in oil field. 2017 employment: 13,900 May 2018 median annual wage: 46,990 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,800 Growth rate: 13 percent (Faster than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent Work experience in a related occupation: Less than 5 years Typical on-the-job training: Moderate-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7073.00 - Wellhead Pumpers Mine shuttle car operators Operate diesel or electric-powered shuttle car in underground mine to transport materials from working face to mine cars or conveyor. 2017 employment: 2,700 May 2018 median annual wage: 55,320 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: -100 Growth rate: -2 percent (Decline) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7111.00 - Mine Shuttle Car Operators Tank car, truck, and ship loaders Load and unload chemicals and bulk solids, such as coal, sand, and grain into or from tank cars, trucks, or ships using material moving equipment. May perform a variety of other tasks relating to shipment of products. May gauge or sample shipping tanks and test them for leaks. 2017 employment: 13,000 May 2018 median annual wage: 36,660 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 500 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7121.00 - Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders Material moving workers, all other All material moving workers not listed separately. 2017 employment: 23,600 May 2018 median annual wage: 30,360 Projected employment change, 201724: Number of new jobs: 1,000 Growth rate: 4 percent (Slower than average) Education and training: Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential Work experience in a related occupation: None Typical on-the-job training: Short-term on-the-job training ONET: 53-7199.00 - Material Moving Workers, All Other Suggested citation: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2018-17 Edition. Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail, on the Internet at bls. govoohaboutdata-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail. htm (visited February 25, 2017 ). Publish Date: Thursday, December 17, 2018 Recommend this page using: Facebook Twitter
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